Situational Awareness - Roy Bourgeois, chief pilot 30 Sep 20

The Safety Committee spent a lot of time this week talking about "Situational Awareness" and the loss of it. But what exactly is "Situational Awareness" ("SA") anyway?  How do you get it?  How do you lose it? How do you know if you've lost it? How do you get it back? It's an elusive matter and one that is hard to write about. The part of our brain that helps us maintain multi-faceted awareness is different from the part of the brain that thinks and writes about ideas. And those two brain parts don't play well together.

The issue came up in the context of educating student pilots about the dangers of aerial photography while flying close to other gliders. The students did not perceive that their focus on "getting a good photo" ended their process of looking out for other gliders who might be joining a gaggle. Now, reading this it seems quite obvious, but why didn't the students see that? Understanding exactly why–and how to recognize the loss of situational awareness can be difficult. For example, you could try reading this article while you are flying next, but that would be counterproductive to the very thing we are talking about. The same is true if you are trying to be situationally aware. It's actually very hard to think about how you are thinking. It's even harder to control what you are thinking. 

Awareness, at least in the simplified way that I am trying to present it here, can be described as "a state of total observation and attention to all matters and inputs impacting the flight." That seems a pretty good definition of what we want to maintain. But the problem is that our brains are wired in a way to completely obliterate the "big picture" in favor of any tiny little thought, detail or function that pops up–regardless of that item's actual degree of importance to the overall flight. Our mind works like a screen with an out of control "zoom in" feature. We don't ask ourselves, "Is this problem worth thinking about?" Instead we just think about it and it consumes the brain space that we need for a full situational awareness. The world class marksman Brian Enos, explained it this way, "A quiet open mind will perceive everything that's happening and send automatic controls to your body in an endless flow. A mind that's fixed with only one glaring thought in it cannot perceive what's happening beyond that thought." 

This is important and explains what we call "tunnel vision."  And, the more immediate, complex or challenging the specific thought or job is (like inflight changing a database, fixing a flight computer glitch, or, in the case of the students-framing and taking a photograph), the further back into our minds SA gets pushed. Accident databases are full of cases where a pilot's attention was hijacked by some simple problem that he focused on relentlessly–and fatally. An example of this was the Front Royal Virginia 2-33/towplane fatality caused by the rear seat CFI's preoccupation with a GoPro camera. He did not perceive that the student had ballooned well above the tow plane–which crashed killing the tow pilot. This also explains why we should not fly in times of mental stress or after an argument or other emotional event. Our brains continue to rework, process, and reanalyze the emotional event and that takes up the peacefulness and mental space we need for full awareness. Being startled by something also has this effect. Fear and preoccupation with landing out does the same thing and can actually cause a land out that could have been avoided if the pilot escaped the tunnel vision. (Didn't you see that bird circling near you?)

So, now that we know how we lose SA, how do we get it back? There are a couple of tricks. One is to ask yourself a question frequently during your flight, "Is what I am thinking about right now helping me to fly safer or more efficiently?" If the answer to that question is "No"–then refocus your mind onto something that IS helpful for safety or efficiency. Banish the unhelpful thought. Another good question to ask yourself is "Am I thinking about something 'right here right now'?" Or,  are you thinking about something in another place (a problem in work or at home)? Or, something in the past (a lousy start, an old argument, a competitor that passed you)? Or something in the future (will I land out? Or, what will be my contest or OLC score)? SA is all about the here and now and, if you focus on only that, the score will take care of itself, you will pass that competitor in the next hour, and the land out will not happen. Here and now is all you can control anyway.

If a job requiring complex thinking (like checking airspace criteria, or task/waypoint setting in the computer) can be done ahead of time–do those before launch. Don't import  jobs for yourself into the flight that will distract you. Stow or leave on the ground the GoPros, cameras and other gadgets that pull your mind away from flying safely and efficiently. For God's sake, don't text, read texts, or fool with your phone or InReach during the flight. Ignore what the other pilots are saying or bragging about on the radio. Unless a transmission is imperative you should be too busy to chat. Ever notice that the best pilots don't talk much?

Lastly, and especially as you get low and begin to worry–get your mind and your eyes outside of the glider. Look at the clouds–which ones are growing? Which are dying? Where are the energy lines? Are there other gliders circling or birds out there? Are there smoke plumes or dust devils? Did some birds just leave a perch? Did smoke that was traveling sideways just start to go straight up? Are there areas of sunlight on the ground that the cloud shadows don't cover? Are there areas of shade or puddles that should be avoided? Is there a paved area that will be warm now? A metal building or structure that is hot and will focus a thermal? Is there a slope to some terrain (or the wall of a quarry) that is perpendicular to the sun? Will that train, truck, or tractor kick off a thermal? Where is my safety field? How much altitude do I have to work with and how best to use it?... And, remember to look UP as well as out and down. There might be birds, clouds or gliders above you. Get your head and eyes out of your instrument panel and outside of the canopy. It's what's out there that matters. There is so much to learn from just seeing and observing. Then, you are back to situational awareness, and you will see what you need to solve the problem. And you will be a safer pilot too.

This article talks about awareness in the context of safety. But awareness is also key to  performance generally and contributes greatly to success in flying for records or competitively. But that is a subject for a different article.